The style described below is the style used for IAS Transactions papers, and for papers presented
at the IAS Annual Meeting. In the
absence of other instructions from Conference Organizers, this style should
be used for papers presented at other IAS-sponsored conferences. However,
in case of conflict, specific instructions from Conference Organizers
for the style of papers for that conference always supersede these instructions.
A sample paper entitled “Preparation of Papers
in Two-Column Format for the Conference Record of the Industry Applications
Society Annual Meeting” is offered as guidance.
1.
Organization
An IAS paper usually consists of eight major parts.
These are as follows, and should always appear in this order: 1) title; 2)
author information; 3) abstract; 4) index terms; 5) introduction; 6) body; 7)
conclusion; and 8) references. This order should be altered only if the author
chooses to use the following additional parts: 9) nomenclature (glossary of
symbols); 10) appendices; 11) acknowledgment. The conclusion must always follow
the body of the paper and the references must always be the last part of the
paper. The requirements of style and content for each of these parts is
discussed next.
1) Title: The title should indicate the subject of the
paper as clearly and succinctly as possible.
It is placed at the top and center of the paper on the first page.
2) Author Information: The name of
each author should include a full first name and last name; use of middle names
and/or initials is optional. Each author's IEEE membership grade (where
applicable), should appear under his name. These parts of the author information
should be typed in all capital letters. Finally, each author's business
affiliation and complete mailing address, complete with street address or post
office box number, postal code, and country, are required; this information
should be typed below each author's name and IEEE membership grade in upper and
lower case letters. Telephone and fax
numbers and e-mail addresses are optional, but are very helpful to those who
will handle the paper later.
3) Abstract: The abstract is a very important part of the
paper. It is used for library purposes and may appear by itself in an abstracts
journal and/or be stored in a database. Its contents will determine how and
where it is referenced by those who compile the annual indexes of the
literature. It should therefore be written with extreme care.
The abstract is a concise, one‑paragraph collection
of statements that describes the most significant ideas, procedures, and/or
results of the paper. It typically
contains 125‑200 words, but is never longer than is necessary and never
explores concepts beyond those actually described in the paper. A satisfactory abstract will briefly answer
these three questions. 1) What is the problem being discussed, and what is the
scope of its treatment? 2) What is the author's unique approach or important
contribution; and is it primary information, a review, or tutorial in nature?
3) What is the principal result or typical application?
The abstract does not serve as an introduction,
nor does it contain acronyms, abbreviations, footnotes, tables, figures, or
references. It is indented, then identified by the word ``Abstract,'' followed
by a dash, which is immediately followed by the text of the abstract, as shown
in the sample paper. The writing style is confined to the passive voice; for
example, instead of ``We measured the results of the test,'' the author should
write: ``The results of the test were measured.''
4) Index Terms: Not more than 8 index terms should be on
this line, under the Abstract, and on the same line as the heading `index
terms'. These should be selected to
entice the data base searcher to look further into this paper. The index terms may be a mixture of
phrase(s) and words, with each phrase and separate word separated from the
others by a comma.
5) Introduction: The introduction prepares the
reader for the body of the paper by giving historical and/or background
information and by serving as a guide to the author's approach to, and
organization of, the material. The
introduction should not be a repetition of the abstract and, unlike the
abstract, may be as long as is necessary.
The introduction will serve as the first major part of
text, and is therefore the first section of the paper to be numbered, when and
if the author chooses to use a numbered heading system (see “Style for
Headings” below).
6) Body: The body of the paper contains the primary
message of the paper in detail. Its
purpose is to communicate information efficiently and effectively to the
reader. Frequent guideposts are
essential for nonspecialists who want to understand the general nature and
significance of the work, and even workers in the same field appreciate clear
indications of the line of thought being followed. Therefore the body of the paper should be broken down into
specialized sections that are identifiable by the use of an orderly headings
system.
In any breakdown of the body into several sections,
the author's significant contribution should be the subject of the longest
section; the supporting or peripheral material should be condensed in shorter
sections. This gives proper emphasis to
the main subject of the paper and yields a high information density in the
overall structure.
7) Conclusion: The conclusion should be a clearly stated
finish to the paper and should cover the following. What is shown by this work and what is its significance? What are the limitations and advantages of
the information? Where applicable, the
following points should also be included: applications of the results and
recommendations for further work.
8) Nomenclature: The nomenclature consists of
the symbols and the meanings of those symbols used in the paper. The symbols are indented from the left
margin; the symbols are separated from their definitions by space only; the
first letter of the definition is always capitalized, with the other letters
lower case; the abbreviation for the units in which the defined quantity is
expressed is enclosed in parentheses; each definition is ended with a period;
and no articles (introductory words such as “the” or “a”) precede the
definition. An example follows.
Nomenclature
Ei Initial
energy (J).
M0 Initial drop mass (kg).
M2 Sibling mass (kg).
M1 Residual drop mass (kg).
When
used, the Nomenclature section follows the Index Terms and precedes the Introduction.
9) Appendices: Mathematical details that are ancillary to
the main discussion of the paper, such as many derivations and proofs, are
among the items to be placed in the appendices. Other items that bear on or support the topic as developed by the
author may also be included in the appendices.
10) Acknowledgment: If the paper deals with prior
work of other author(s), and/or if others have made important contributions to
the paper, this fact should be clearly stated in the acknowledgment section. If contributions by others are a substantial
portion of the paper, consideration should be given to their inclusion as
coauthors.
Acknowledgment of financial support (e.g., grants or
government contracts) should appear as a footnote to the title or to the
introduction of the paper. However, in
no case should it appear in the abstract.
Footnotes should be avoided as far as possible by integrating that
information into the text.
11) References: Reference information must be complete. Titles of papers must be given, as well as
beginning and ending page numbers, where appropriate. Normally, references should be commonly available
publications. See the sample paper for
further instructions on the use of References.
2.
Style for Headings
An organized headings system serves to divide the body
of the paper into clearly marked sections that help the reader to find areas
and items of the paper that interest him.
They also help the author to develop the topic in an orderly manner,
with the focus of each division of the paper indicated by its heading. The heading system should follow IEEE style
and also should be consistent in the author's use of wording.
1) Primary Heading: A primary heading is separated
from the text that follows by one full line of space, is centered above that
text, and is in small capital letters.
When enumerated (author's option), the primary heading is assigned a
roman numeral followed by a period. Note: Once an author begins enumeration of the
headings, he must continue the enumerated headings style throughout his paper
(in the manner described in this section).
An example of a primary heading follows.
I. Primary Heading
2) Secondary Heading: A secondary
heading is separated from the text that follows by one line of space. It is flush with the left margin, with
initial letters of all words capitalized; the rest are lower case. Enumeration of the secondary heading is in
capital letters followed by a period.
The entire secondary heading is italicized. An example of a secondary heading follows.
A.
Secondary Heading: An Example
3) Tertiary Heading: A tertiary heading is the same
as a secondary heading, except that the heading is not separated from the text;
it is joined to it by a colon. The
tertiary heading is enumerated using Arabic numerals and a closing
parenthesis. It is indented once and
italicized. An example follows.
1) Tertiary Heading: This is an example.
4) Quaternary Heading: A quaternary heading is styled the same as a tertiary
heading, excepting the following. It is
indented twice; only the first word of the heading is capitalized; and it is
enumerated using lower case letters followed by a closing parenthesis. An example follows.
a) Quaternary heading: This is an
example.
3.
Style for Figures
and Tables
The following are the criteria the author should use
in preparing figures and tables for an IAS technical paper. References to
reduction are of concern mainly to those authors using the Transactions format, but authors of
papers using the conference paper format should heed the intentions of these
instructions nonetheless. (For an example of a properly constructed figure
and/or table, please see the sample conference paper.)
1)
Page space is
costly. All unessential figures and
tables should be eliminated. The author
should combine the information of different tables and/or figures whenever and
wherever it is practical and possible.
2)
All figures and tables
should be numbered consecutively and should be mentioned in the text in the
order of their appearance.
3)
Figure captions should
be centered neatly below their respective figures. Both in the text of the paper and in the caption, the figure
should be identified by an Arabic numeral and the word ``figure'' abbreviated. For example: Fig. 1 (plural is
``Figs.''). Parts of the figure should
always be labeled and referred to using lowercase letters enclosed in
parentheses. For example, in text: Fig.
2(a); in captions: Fig. 2. (leave a space here) (a) Measurement for phase‑controlled
rectifier.
4)
Table captions are bilevel
in nature and are centered above the double lines used to separate the caption
from the body of the table. The top
line of the caption should be in all capital letters and should identify only
the number of the table using a Roman numeral.
For example: TABLE I. The lines
of the second caption should be centered below the top caption in all capital
letters. This second caption should
describe briefly the information of the table.
For example: SPARK‑RELATED CHARACTERISTIC TIMES.
Note: Both figure and table captions should use as
few words as possible.
5)
In the single-column Transactions format, because the figures
are kept separate from the text, the author should write his name and the
figure number lightly on the back of each figure, or on an unused front margin,
for identification. Care should be
taken to ensure that in doing so the author does not indent or damage the front
face of the figure.
Tables may be inserted into the text of the Transactions format, as long as they are
simple and brief. Longer, bigger, or
more complicated tables should be separated from the text.
Note: All figure captions for the Transactions format must be separated
from the figures and be typed on a separate sheet of paper to be inserted after
the references, at the end of the paper.
Transactions figures must
be clean of any unnecessary lettering and/or labeling.
6)
In the conference paper
formats the figures and tables should be inserted in the text at appropriate
points. This could mean that the author
will have to reduce his/her figures and tables to fit the column width of the
format being used. If fitting the
figures and tables into the text becomes difficult, it is acceptable to place
these figures and tables after the references, at the end of the text of the
conference paper.
7)
All lettering used on/in
figures and tables should be large enough to be visible. This final size should never be less than
3/64 in (1.2 mm) high.
8)
The size of the
lettering used for figures and tables should be kept uniform throughout the paper,
so that the reduction size can be determined easily and consistently and so
that the paper will be harmonious in appearance. Large lettering on simple, uncrowded figures permits maximum size
reduction and best overall use of space.
Hand lettering should be avoided, if possible; but if necessary, must be
done neatly in black ink.
9)
Line drawings should be
made using a computer aided graphics program if possible. If such a program is not available to the
author, the drawings should be made with black ink on clean, white paper or
tracing cloth. Care should be taken to
avoid smudges and inkblots.
10)
Photographs and
photographic prints are acceptable, but should be black and white with a glossy
finish. All photographs and
photographic prints must be positive; negatives are not acceptable.
11)
Figures should never
exceed 8½ x 11 in (21.6 x 27.9 cm). The
author should never use original figure sizes that will require more than a 2:1
reduction.
12)
Graph‑type figures
should show only the major coordinate lines; and the author should use short
“ticks” that extend but a short distance from the axes, for convenience in
reading intermediate values. Two or
more simple graphs having the same scale often may be combined to save space and
increase effectiveness.
4.
Style for Mathematical
Notations and Equations
Handwriting of all letters and symbols that can be
typed should be avoided; but if necessary, hand lettering must be done neatly
in black ink. To prevent errors by
readers (and, later, by the editorial staff and printer of papers used in Transactions), subscripts, superscripts,
Greek letters, and other symbols should be identified very clearly, with
explanations included wherever ambiguity may arise. The following are examples of terms that often are confusing.
1.
Capital and lower‑case
letters, when used as symbols.
2.
Zero and the letter “o”.
3.
The small letter “l,”
the numeral one, and the prime sign.
4.
The letters “k” and
kappa; “u” and mu; “v” and nu; and “n” and eta.
Vectors and matrices should be in boldface type, if
available to the author. Symbols,
markings, and/or lines (except underlining) below letters should be
avoided. A new symbol for a complicated
expression that will be repeated often should be introduced in the text. Care should be taken in the use of solidi
(slants), vertical bars, radical signs, parentheses, and brackets to avoid
ambiguities in equations. The author
should adhere to the conventional order of brackets: {[(.)]}.
When fractions are typed on one line, ambiguities
often arise. For example, ½ r may mean
1/(2r) or (½)r. The author should use
the devices at his disposal to ensure that his meaning is not misconstrued.
To facilitate the reading of numbers and to eliminate
confusion arising from different uses of the comma and the period in different
countries, IEEE editorial practice is to separate numbers consisting of more
than four digits with a space. Such
numbers are separated by the space into groups of three, counting from the
decimal sign to either the left or the right.
Examples are as follows.
12 351
7465 9.216 492
If
the magnitude of the number is less than unity, the decimal sign should be
preceded by a zero; for example: 0.102.
Where more than one equation is displayed in the
paper, the author should be consistent in his style for fractions: either built
up or broken down. Equations should be
separated from the text with a line of space above and below, and numbered
consecutively. The numbers should be
enclosed in parentheses and flush with the right margin. In text the equations should be referred to
only by their number in parentheses. The word “equation” precedes the number in
parentheses only when used at the beginning of a sentence; for example:
“Equation (23) enables us to write (17) in the form...”.
Samples of typical equations with concluding text are
as follows.
(1)
(2)
where
 firing
angle of upper and lower thyristor group
i = 1, 2;
ui commutation
overlap angle of upper and lower thyristor group
i = 1, 2;
toff thyristor turn-off time
5.
Style for Units
and Abbreviations
The use of the International System of Units (SI units)
is preferred for use in IEEE publications because of its international
readership and inherent convenience in many fields. This system includes as a subsystem the MKSA units, which are
based on the meter, kilogram, second, and ampere. If an author expresses quantities in British‑American
units, he is urged to give the metric equivalents in parentheses; for example,
“a distance of 4.7 in (11.9 cm).” However, this practice may be impractical for
certain industrial specifications, such as those giving conduit sizes or power
ratings of motors.
All units should be abbreviated when they appear with
numerals; for example: 480 V or 18 ft. Units are written out only in such cases
as “...the distance in inches is measured from...”. See units
for a list of unit abbreviations.
The unit of frequency used in IEEE publications is the
“hertz” rather than “cycles per second.”
The use of abbreviations, other than for units, is
optional. Authors should avoid
carefully abbreviations that are not generally accepted. All abbreviations and acronyms must be
defined where first mentioned.
Abbreviations and symbols used on illustrations should conform to those
used in the text.
1.
Word
Usage
It is most important that the paper be correct,
concise, and clear. Attention to
grammar fosters clarity. Here are some
suggestions on usage.
1.
Write in complete
sentences.
2.
Avoid jargon. Introduce new terminology only when it is
indispensable.
3.
Do not write one‑sentence
paragraphs. In revising, combine any
series of very short paragraphs where possible.
4.
Do not use slang or
contractions. Avoid expressions that
are used only in familiar speech.
No: “Taking
a time interval, say, t = t2 – t1 whose quantity...”.
Yes: “Taking a time interval, for example, t = t2 – t1,
in which the quantity...”.
5.
Write in third person;
not first or second person.
6.
Avoid overuse of italics
and overuse of quotation marks around single words.
7.
Capitalize adjectives
and nouns derived from proper names, except in the case of units of measures,
which are lower case. For example:
“Gaussian noise”; “Cartesian coordinates”; “The Hamiltonian of the system
is...”; “The inductance is in henrys.”
8.
Abbreviations and
acronyms should be defined where first used, even those considered by the
author to be commonly used and understood.
2.
Typing
The principal criteria to use in typing an IAS paper
are as follows.
1.
If possible, the author
should use a word processing program on a personal computer, or some similar
means of storing the text in memory.
Correction, revision, and reformatting of the paper will be much easier
with the use of such equipment. The use
of a word processing is almost mandatory at this time, as an electronic version
of the paper is required more frequently.
Most laser or ink jet printers used in conjunction with your personal
computer will also provide satisfactory manuscript originals and copies.
2.
The dimensions of the
typing space used by the author should be in strict accordance with those
prescribed for the particular IAS paper format being used. The dimensions for
the conference paper format are shown in the sample paper.
3.
Page numbers should be
centered at the bottom of each page.
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