Abstract: Light can produce thermoelastic expansion through the non-radiative relaxation of photon absorption. In 1880 Alexander Graham Bell used sound waves (speech) to modulate the intensity of a light source and found that the sounds could be reproduced if the light beam was subsequently focused on to a thin diaphragm. Biomedical applications of photoacoustics were first proposed in the 1970s, and today hundreds of articles are published annually on numerous pre-clinical and clinical applications. The goal of this short course is to review the basic physics and engineering behind photoacoustic imaging and to explore the recent preclinical and clinical applications of this imaging technique.

Target audience: Physics or Engineering background, rudimentary knowledge of ultrasound physics and beamforming.

Dr. Michael C. Kolios is a Professor in the Department of Physics at Ryerson University and Associate Dean of Research and Graduate Studies in the Faculty of Science. His work focuses on the use of ultrasound and optics in the biomedical sciences. He directs the Advanced Biomedical Ultrasound Imaging and Spectroscopy laboratory which houses state-of the-art ultrasound tools using frequencies ranging from 1 to 1000 MHz to study the interaction of ultrasound and light with biological materials for imaging and therapy. Dr. Kolios leads a group of projects that focus on optical and ultrasound methods used to characterize tissues and disease, as well as to develop theranostic agents that will assist in both therapeutic and diagnostic applications. He is author of 92 peer-reviewed journal publications, 5 book chapters, and 131 papers in conference proceedings. He has received numerous teaching and research awards, including the Canada Research Chair in Biomedical Applications of Ultrasound, and the Ontario Premiers Research Excellence Award and the Ryerson Faculty Teaching Award. Dr. Kolios currently holds five patents (one of which is licensed), with another four under consideration. He is on the editorial board of the journals Ultrasound Imaging and Photoacoustics and is member of many national and international committees, including the IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Technical Program Committee. He was a member of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biomedical Imaging Technology A study section and member of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Medical Physics and Imaging (MPI) panel.

Abstract: The advent of ultrafast ultrasonic scanners is paving today the way to tremendous applications in medical Ultrasound. This course will present the basic principles of Ultrafast Imaging (plane or diverging wave imaging, parallel receive beamforming, coherent plane wave compounding, ...) and their implications in terms of resolution, contrast and frame rates. It will also explain the analogy such concept with optical holography. For our purposes, theoretical aspects and experimental validations will be highlighted. The course will also emphasize technological issues and system architecture constraints. Far beyond breaking technological barriers, this concept of ultrafast imaging is currently changing the paradigm of ultrasound imaging. The course will illustrate how this concept leads to breakthrough innovations in the field by revisiting Bmode, Doppler, tissue strain and nonlinear imaging. Many examples (Shear Wave Imaging, Ultrafast Doppler, fUltrasound, Ultrafast Contrast Imaging, ultrafast Ultrasound Localization Microscopy,...) will illustrate the potential of this paradigm shift in ultrasound imaging.

Target audience: Students, researchers, and engineers interested by ultrafast or high frame rate imaging for their particular applications.

Mickael Tanter is the director of Inserm lab 'Wave Physics for Medicine' and Deputy Director of Langevin Institute at ESPCI, Paris, France. He is an expert in biomedical ultrasound and wave physics. He is the recipient of 50 international patents and the author of more than 280 peer-reviewed papers and book chapters. He co-invented several major innovations in Biomedical Ultrasound (Transient Elastography, Ultrafast Ultrasound, functional Ultrasound imaging of brain activity, deep Ultrasound Localization Microscopy). He received many prestigious national and international awards (among them the Honored Lecture of the Radiology Society of North America in 2012, the Grand Prize of Medicine and Medical Research of Paris city and recently the Grand Prize of French Medical Research Fondation - FRM). He was recently awarded a European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant to introduce fUltrasound imaging (functional imaging of brain activity) as a new full-fledged neuroimaging modality. M. Tanter also transferred several innovations in the industrial and clinical domain. In 2006, he co-founded Supersonic Imagine with M. Fink, J. Souquet and C. Cohen-Bacrie. Supersonic Imagine is an innovative French company positioned in the field of medical ultrasound imaging and therapy that launched in 2009 a revolutionary Ultrafast Ultrasound imaging platform called AixplorerTM with a unique real time shear wave imaging modality for cancer diagnosis. More recently, he co-founded CardiaWave and Neuroflows companies.

Abstract: Non-invasive, ultrasonic elasticity imaging systems that can characterize the viscoelastic properties of tissues have been developed and commercialized. These viscoelastic properties provide a novel mechanism to delineate tissue anatomy and characterize disease states, with popular clinical applications including staging liver fibrosis and characterizing breast lesions. This short course will provide an overview of the viscoelastic material descriptions of soft tissues, including higher-order properties such as nonlinearity, anisotropy and structural dispersion. The physics of acoustic radiation force generation will be reviewed, along with experimental methods for generating acoustic radiation force on research scanners. Displacement estimation signal processing methods and shear wave speed reconstruction algorithms will be reviewed. Efforts to standardize commercial elasticity imaging systems through the RSNA Quantitative Imaging Biomarker Alliance will be discussed, along with current and future clinical applications of elasticity imaging systems.

Target audience: Graduate Students, Industry Scientists, Clinicians

Mark L. Palmeri received his B.S. degree in Biomedical and Electrical Engineering from Duke University, Durham, NC, in 2000. He was a James B. Duke graduate fellow and received his Ph.D. degree in Biomedical Engineering from Duke University in 2005 and his M.D. degree from the Duke University School of Medicine in 2007. He is currently an Associate Professor of the Practice in Biomedical Engineering and Anesthesiology at Duke University. He is an Associate Editor for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology and IEEE Transactions in Medical Imaging. He serves as a sub-committee co-chair for the RSNA Quantitative Imaging Biomarker Alliance (QIBA) ultrasound shear wave speed imaging committee. His research interests include acoustic radiation force shear wave elasticity imaging in the liver, prostate and skin, finite element analysis, medical image processing and medical instrumentation design.

Abstract: The short course gives an introduction to both vector velocity estimation as well as the latest fast synthetic aperture and plane wave imaging schemes. The transverse oscillation approach will be explained along with speckle tracking and directional beamforming for true velocity estimation. The second part of the course covers advanced flow estimation methods using synthetic aperture and plane wave imaging for high resolution and very fast vector flow imaging in both 2D and 3D. The theoretical part will be inter-spaced with clinical examples of both commercial and experimental vector flow imaging.

Target audience: PhD students and researchers interested in the latest velocity estimation techniques

Jørgen Arendt Jensen is professor of biomedical signal processing and an IEEE Fellow. He has published more than 450 journal and conference papers on signal processing and medical ultrasound and the book "Estimation of Blood Velocities Using Ultrasound", Cambridge University Press in 1996. His main contributions are within ultrasound imaging and simulation (Field II). He is the inventor of the transverse oscillation vector flow approach that was FDA approved and commercially introduced in a BK Medical ultrasound scanner in 2012. He has also been a pioneer in synthetic aperture imaging and especially fast vector flow imaging with both spherical and plane waves. Dr. Jensen has developed several systems for SA imaging and demonstrated that these techniques can work in the clinic. He has also been involved in several clinical studies of vector flow imaging.

Abstract: In this short course, we present signal processing algorithms and system-on-chip designs for ultrasonic imaging applications. Topics includes (1) ultrasonic signal modeling and echo classification, (2) time-frequency analysis and split-spectrum processing, (3) order statistics and neural networks for target detection, (4) time-frequency distributions, (5) chirplet echo estimation, (6) discrete wavelet transform for 3D ultrasonic data compression, and (7) system-on-chip implementation of echo estimation and data compression algorithms using FPGA devices.

Target audience: This short course covers fundamental and advanced ultrasonic signal processing topics and state-of-the-art system designs of interest to both medical ultrasound and ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation research groups.

Jafar Saniie (IEEE Fellow for contributions to ultrasonic signal processing for detection, estimation and imaging) received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Maryland in 1974. He received his M.S. degree in Biomedical Engineering in 1977 from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering in 1981 from Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. In 1981 Dr. Saniie joined the Department of Applied Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland, to conduct research in photothermal and photoacoustic imaging. Since 1983 he has been with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Illinois Institute of Technology where he is the Filmer Endowed Chair Professor, Director of the Embedded Computing and Signal Processing (ECASP) Research Laboratory, and Associate Chair. Dr. Saniie's research interests and activities are in ultrasonic signal and image processing, statistical pattern recognition, estimation and detection, data compression, time-frequency analysis, embedded digital systems, digital signal processing with field programmable gate arrays, and ultrasonic nondestructive testing and imaging. Dr. Saniie has been a Technical Program Committee member of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium since 1987 (The Chair of Sensors, NDE and Industrial Applications Group, 2004-2013), the Lead Guest Editor for the IEEE UFFC Special Issue on Ultrasonics and Ferroelectrics (August 2014) and the IEEE UFFC Special Issue on Novel Embedded Systems for Ultrasonic Imaging and Signal Processing (July 2012), Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control since 1994. Dr. Saniie was the General Chair for the 2014 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium in Chicago. He is currently the Ultrasonics Vice President of the IEEE UFFC Society. He has over 300 publications and has supervised 32 Ph.D. dissertations.

Erdal Oruklu (IEEE Senior Member) received his B.S. degree in Electronics and Communications Engineering from Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1995, his M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey in 1999 and his Ph. D. degree in Computer Engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois in 2005. He joined Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology in 2005, where he is an Associate Professor and the Director of VLSI and SoC Design Research Laboratory. Dr. Oruklu's research interests are reconfigurable computing, advanced computer architectures, hardware/software co-design, embedded systems and high-speed computer arithmetic. In particular, he focuses on the research and development of system-on-chip (SoC) frameworks for FPGA and VLSI implementations of real-time ultrasonic detection, estimation and imaging applications. Dr. Oruklu has more than 100 technical publications. He is a senior member of IEEE.

Abstract: This course provides an introduction to COMSOL finite element simulation of ultrasonic generation, propagation, and detection. A limited-time license for the current version of COMSOL will be provided for the use of attendees during and immediately after the course. After a review of the basic equations of piezoelectricity, several example simulations will be set up and run and postprocessing will be used to extract important results. Attendees will be strongly encouraged to follow along using their own personal laptops. Examples presented during the short course will be drawn from structural health monitoring and industrial applications of ultrasonics, including launching of ultrasonic waves into fluids. At the end of the short course, several application examples will be presented in outline form to illustrate a broad range of applications of finite element simulation.

Target audience: Researchers who have a need to use finite element simulations in their work, especially for structural health monitoring, industrial, or sensing applications.

David W. Greve became Emeritus Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2016 after 34 years at Carnegie Mellon University. Initially his research concerned semiconductor process technology. Since 2000 his research has addressed several applications of ultrasonics in structural health monitoring and sensing, including wireless harsh environment applications of surface acoustic wave devices. He has served as a member of the International Ultrasonics Symposium Group 2 Technical Program Committee and was co-chair in 2014 and 2015. He is presently a COMSOL Certified Consultant and provides consulting services for ultrasonic and electromagnetic problems.

Abstract: This short course introduces to the fundamental principles of bulk-acoustic-wave resonator acoustics. It covers the basics of structural mechanics and piezo-electricity from the perspective of coupling the physical domains of elasticity and electrostatics. The governing equations have two important fundamental solutions: longitudinal and shear waves. We are going to discuss their properties and the associated material parameters, together with their dependence on temperature. For analyzing lateral waves in multiple dimensions, the concept of plate dispersion turned out to be a powerful technique. After introducing its basic principles, it will be applied to the investigation of spurious modes in piezoelectric resonators. Structural concepts for spurious mode suppression will be discussed for different types of resonator designs.

Target audience: Students and everybody who wants to become familiar with the subject, with basic understanding of solid state physics, but no or little experience on resonator physics so far.

Robert K. Thalhammer received the M.Sc. degree in physics and the Ph.D. degree in physics from the Munich University of Technology, Munich, Germany. In 2000, he joined Infineon Technologies, where his research interests are in design, modeling, simulation, and characterization of discrete RF structures. Since 2003, Robert is working on Bulk-Acoustic-Wave technology, including finite-element modeling for the electric and acoustic simulation of resonators. He is now with Avago Technologies since 2008, where his major focuses are FBAR physics, multi-physics modeling, and novel BAW device concepts.

Abstract: Phononics is a sub-area of physical acoustics that can be summarized as the art of harnessing the propagation of waves by engineering material structure. Phononic crystals are artificial periodic structures that can alter efficiently the flow of sound, acoustic waves, or elastic waves. They were introduced about twenty years ago and have gained increasing interest since then, both because of their amazing physical properties and because of their potential applications. The topic of phononic crystals stands at the cross-road of physics (condensed matter physics, wave propagation in inhomogeneous and periodic media) and engineering (acoustics, ultrasonics, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering). Phononic crystals cover a wide range of scales, from meter-size periodic structures for sound in air to nanometer-size structures for information processing or thermal phonon control in integrated circuits. The concepts behind phononic crystals and phononics will be covered. The accent will be on the physical explanation of various effects that are encountered, but also in the introduction to specific numerical methods and analysis tools. Examples will be mostly taken from the ultrasonic range of frequency. Resonators, waveguides, mirrors, dispersion and diffraction will be discussed.

Target audience: The course is intended for engineers and researchers willing to discover phononics, at the post-graduate level. Basic knowledge of the physics of waves, and especially of acoustic waves in fluid and solid media, is recommended. Basic knowledge of mathematics for engineers (Fourier analysis, integrals, partial differential equations) will be helpful. Note that a large set of finite element scripts for phononics (for the open-source software FreeFem++) are provided on the lecturer's homepage. Though the short course itself does not cover those scripts, the lecturer commits himself to help any short course attendee who wishes to test or use them.

Dr. Vincent Laude is a research director at CNRS, France. His research interests cover wave propagation in microstructures, phononic crystals, and the interaction of light and sound in artificial crystals, cavities and waveguides. He is the author of more than 120 journal publications and of the book 'Phononic crystals' (Degruyter, Berlin, 2015). He received the 2016 IEEE Carl Hellmuth Hertz Award from the IEEE/UFFC society. He has been active in the field of phononics for 15 years.

Abstract: RF SAW/BAW devices are widely used in mobile communication systems. Their technologies seems to be well developed. However, customers still need further enhancement of their performances. Combination of powerful computers and FEM tools are quite effctive for sinulation and design of RF SAW/BAW devices. Major tasks of high salary researchers and engineers are (a) finding appropriate FEM settings for target problems, (b) data processing of FEM output data, and (c) understanding processed data. They are not so easy because they need plenty of knowledges on wave physics and various know-hows (tricks) on numerical calculation and data processing. Especially it may not be easy for young researcher and engineers to find proper next steps when FEM output seems strange and/or does not fit with experients. This tutorial starts from the basics of RF acoustic resonators. Their operation principles and mechanisms which degrade resonator performances are discussed. Then basics of 1D and 2D wave propagation and excitation are given, and their behaviors and applications are detailed as simulation models of RF SAW/BAW devices. Next, numerical techniques in our purposes are introduced and compared. Several remarks and tricks on the model setup and alalysis are revealed. Details are also given on procedures for determining parameters requred to the simulation models from numerical data. Finally, the PDE (pertial differential equation) mode is introduced and its applicability is discussed as a handy platform to develop new simulation tools based on wave equations.

Target audience: Students and Researchers/Engineers Working on Acoustic Wave Devices.

Ken-ya Hashimoto received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering in 1978 and 1980, respectively, from Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, and a Dr. Eng. degree in 1989 from Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. In 1980, he joined Chiba University as a research associate, and is now a professor of the University. He was a Visiting Professor of Helsinki University of Technology, Finland in 1998,. a Visiting Scientist of the Laboratoire de Physique et Metrologie des Oscillateurs, CNRS, France, in 1998-1999, a Visiting Professor of the Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria, in 1999 and 2001, a Visiting Scientist of the Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China in 2005-2006. a Visiting Professor of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China, in 2009-2012, and now is a Guest Professor of Shangahi Jiatong University, Shanghai, China, from 2014. In 2001, he served as a guest co-editor of the IEEETrans. on MTT Special Issue on Microwave Acoustic Wave Devices for Wireless Communications, and a publicity co-chair of the 2002 and 2015 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposia. He was appointed to a member of the speaker’s bureau of the IEEE MTT-S. He also served as an International Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE UFFC-S from 2005 to 2006, an ADCOM Member of the IEEE UFFC-S from 2007 to 2009 and from 2014 to 2016, a Distinguished Lecturer of IEEE ED-S from 2007 to 2009, and a general co-chair of the 2011 and 2018 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposia. In 2015, he received the Ichimura Industrial Award from the New Technology Development Foundation for 'Development of Optimal Substrate 42-LT for Radio Frequency Surface Acoustic Wave Devices'. His current research interests include simulation and design of various high-performance surface and bulk acoustic wave devices, acoustic wave sensors and actuators, piezoelectric materials and RF circuit design. Dr. Hashimoto is a Fellow of IEEE, and a Member of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers of Japan, the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, and the Acoustical Society of Japan.

Abstract: The simulation of ultrasound propagation through soft biological tissue has a wide range of practical applications. These include the design of transducer arrays for diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound, studying the aberration of ultrasound beams in heterogeneous media, model-based image reconstruction and registration, and treatment planning for high-intensity focused ultrasound. This course will provide a hands-on tutorial to k-Wave, an open source acoustics toolbox for MATLAB (https://www.k-wave.org). This toolbox is designed for efficient time-domain modelling of broadband or single frequency ultrasound waves in heterogeneous biological tissues. It is widely used in both academia and industry, and currently has more than 7000 active users in 70 countries. The course will combine interactive coding demonstrations with practical know-how and technical insights. The course will begin with a brief review of the governing equations for nonlinear acoustic wave propagation in heterogeneous absorbing media, and the numerical methods used to solve them. The architecture of the k-Wave toolbox will then be introduced using simple examples. Detailed discussion of more advanced topics in k-Wave will then follow, including the perfectly matched layer, accuracy and convergence, the band-limited interpolant, source scaling, amelioration of staircasing effects, code scaling, high performance computing, and propagation in viscoelastic media. The course will conclude with several practical examples, including the large-scale full-wave simulation of nonlinear ultrasound fields in heterogeneous absorbing media in 3D domains up to thousands of wavelengths in size.

Target audience: Students, engineers, and researchers interested in the time-domain simulation of ultrasound waves in heterogeneous biological media.

Bradley Treeby is an EPSRC Early Career Fellow at University College London, and co-author of the k-Wave toolbox. He was recently awarded the 2017 R. Bruce Lindsay from the Acoustical Society of America for 'contributions to the modeling of biomedical ultrasound fields'.

Ben Cox is a Senior Lecturer at University College London, Programme Director of Medical Physics, and co-author of the k-Wave Toolbox. He teaches ultrasound and biomedical optics, and his research interests are in ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging.

Abstract: Piezoelectric ultrasound transducers are ubiquitous in contemporary ultrasound systems, with applications including biomedical therapy and imaging, nondestructive evaluation, and underwater sonar. This course provides a foundation of understanding of the fundamentals of piezoelectric materials and their use in ultrasound transducers, and an informed appreciation of more advanced subjects in the state of the art. Piezoelectric materials in different forms are introduced, along with mathematical descriptions of them and their behavior and an explanation of the underlying physics. The nature of different materials is described, with particular reference to the phase diagram and domain structures. This allows understanding of the behavior of established materials as well as the possibility to predict new materials according to their composition and structure. Relaxor-based piezoelectric single crystals are compared with the piezoceramics in use since the 1950s, and lead free materials are considered for the future. The operating principles of transducers based on piezoelectric materials are described with reference to wave propagation within and external to the transducer. Electrical impedance spectroscopy is introduced for both material characterization and transducer performance prediction, along with ultrasound transmission and reception techniques. The importance of modelling is emphasized, with descriptions of one-dimensional models and a summary of the capabilities of finite element analysis. The effects of different piezoelectric materials are demonstrated with simplified transducer configurations and the selection of materials for specific applications is considered in detail. Throughout the course, practical examples and modeling are used to illustrate the concepts under discussion, established and new piezoelectric materials, characterization and analysis, and how piezoelectric components affect transducer behavior.

Target audience: Materials researchers who want to know more about functional behavior, Transducer designers who want to know more piezoelectric topics, Users of piezoelectric transducers who want to gain more from them

Susan Trolier-McKinstry is the Steward S. Flaschen Professor of Ceramic Science and Engineering and Director of the Nanofabrication Laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University. Her research program revolves around growth, characterization, and utilization of dielectric and piezoelectric thin films; she has co-authored >350 papers in the peer-reviewed literature in these areas. She obtained B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Ceramic Science at Penn State, and on graduation, joined the faculty there. She is a fellow of IEEE, the Materials Research Society, and the American Ceramic Society; past-president of IEEE UFFC, Keramos and the Ceramics Education Council; and the 2017 President of the Materials Research Society.

Sandy Cochran is Professor of Ultrasound Materials and Systems and convener of Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics at the University of Glasgow, Scotland. He received his B.Sc. degree in electronics in 1986, Ph.D. for work on ultrasonic arrays in 1990, and MBA in 2001, all from the University of Strathclyde. His present research interests are focused on medical ultrasound materials, devices and systems with applications in diagnosis and therapy. He also maintains an interest in device fabrication techniques and systems design for medical and life sciences applications. He is a fellow or member of various learned societies and co-author of more than 200 papers and conference presentations.

Abstract: Ultrasound has become the most commonly performed medical imaging procedure in the world because it provides real-time imaging with high clinical value while being portable, non-ionizing and inexpensive. This course will provide an introductory survey of ultrasound imaging focused on the design, fabrication, and testing of medical ultrasound transducers. Starting from an overview of the basic types of phased-array transducers (linear, convex, sector), we will show how the probe’s design is derived from its target application. We will describe how engineering tools, like equivalent-circuit, finite-element, and acoustic field models, can be used to predict transducer performance accurately, and then to optimize the design. A discussion of the structure of an ultrasound probe will lead to a survey of the different types of materials used in probes and their critical properties. Typical fabrication processes will be reviewed and common problems in probe manufacturing will be summarized. Methods for evaluating completed transducers will be described. The course will include recent developments in probe technology, including single crystal piezoelectrics, cMUT transducers, catheters, 2D arrays, and electronics in probes, and will address some of the performance advantages and fabrication difficulties associated with them.

Target audience:Students and others new to ultrasound transducers and arrays, as used for medical imaging.

Douglas G. Wildes is a physicist with GE Global Research. He earned an A.B. in physics and mathematics from Dartmouth College and a Ph.D. in low-temperature physics from Cornell University, then joined GE in 1985. Since 1991, Dr. Wildes’ research has focused on aperture design, fabrication processes, and high-density interconnect technology for multi-row and 4D imaging transducers for medical ultrasound. Dr. Wildes has 42 issued patents and more than 25 external publications. He is a member of the American Physical Society and a Senior Member of the IEEE.

L. Scott Smith is a physicist with GE Global Research. He earned B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of Rochester and the University of Pennsylvania respectively. Joining GE in 1976, he developed phased array probes for medical ultrasound. More recently, he led projects on adaptive acoustics and novel probe materials and methods. Dr. Smith has 56 issued patents and over 40 refereed publications. He is a member of the American Physical Society and a Senior Member of the IEEE where he serves as an Associate Editor for the Transactions on UFFC, and on this symposium’s Technical Program Committee.